How to create a fault tolerance boot disk?
Actual from pentium:
[boot loader]
timeout=30
default=C:\[operating systems]
C:\="Microsoft Windows"
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(2)\WINNT="WinNT Server Version 4.00"multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(2)\WINNT="WinNT Server Version 4.00 [VGA mode]" /basevideo /sos
Multi(x) or SCSI(x)&endash; hard disk controller number, begins with
0, only for IDE or SCSI with BIOS on
If it is a SCSI dirve without bios on than it becomes SCSI(x)
If machine has Ntbootdd.sys than it is Scsi disk not using BIOS &endash;
so it would be SCSI(x)
X = ordinal number of adapters, starts with 0
Disk(x) &endash; SCSI drive number with bios off, for multi (IDE)
this value is 0.
Rdisk(x) &endash; Ordinal number of disk &endash; starting with 0,
For SCSI value is always 0
Partition(x) &endash; ordinal number of partition, starts at one.
For example:
SCSI(1), DISK(1),RDISK(0),PARTION(2)
On 2nd scsi controller, 2nd drive number, 0 due to scsi, 2nd partition
MULTI(0), Disk(0), RDISK(4), Partition(8)
Boot file are found on 1st disk controller, disk(0) due to isa, 5th drive, 8th partition on 5th drive
RAID SYSTEMS &endash; fault tolerant
Fault tolerance software is not available on Workstation
RAID level 1 &endash; disk mirroring is fault tolerant but only gives 50% of space due to duplication. DUPLEXING is also part of RAID level 1 but uses a 2nd controller preventing hardware failure faults, and potentially increasing read speed. To restore must break set and reset drive letter to boot.
RAID level 5 &endash; disk striping with parity, 3 to 32 disks, loose one disk for parity, all must be same size. To recover; in disk manager use regenerate under fault tolerance. Neither boot or system partition can be part of NT strip set with parity. Cost per mg is lower than level 1.
How to create a fault tolerant boot disk:
One box runnung Nt format a disk
Copy:
Need for boot: X86 based; Ntldr, Ntdetect.com, Ntbootdd.sys (for SCSI not using a SCSI BIOS), Boot.ini (audit appropriatly)
SCSI based; Osloader.exe, HAL.dll
CPU
Memory:
Hard Disk:
Other:
How do you find out if your system is worthy?
Boot Partition: Contains operating system files.
System Partition: Active partition used to boot NT (contains NT Boot
Files)
FAT &endash; Complete access, widley used, can multiboot to 95, 4GB max file and partiton size
NTFS- Local security, extended volumes, macintosh support, netware migration (preserves permissions), file compression, up to 16 terabits *not possible to format a floppy with NTFS due to overhead*, fresh format on NTFS, everyone group gets full control
To convert FAT to NTFS use command prompt: convert x: /fs:ntfs
Canot go from NTFS to FAT must fdisk
LFN's after fourth iteration of repeating names NTFS keeps first two letters and randomly assigns number with a ~1.xx
PDC and BDC canot migrate to a different domain. The require a new SID. The only way to get a new sid is to reinstall.
If you want to change domain name then do it to server first, possible because sid not name identifies domain.
InstallationWorkstation has setup options, server does not
Wint32.exe &endash; must be run under NT, Good for upgrading because it ca run in background, minimizes downtime, can do load balance with /s switch
$oem$\oemfiles &endash; good for downloading apps during install
Sysdiff.exe &endash;creates a snapshot of a refrence computer, has to be same type of processor, root must also be the same, difference file can be made and applied if there are differences.
Unattend answer files &endash; UDF's (Uniquiness database files) need one for each config
Paging file size &endash; minimum 2mb, default RAM plus 12 mgs for workstation, NT server it's equal to RAM; if less than 22mgs default is 22, if multiple disks use them
If limited virtual memory message need to increase page file size
System Policy editor -
Changes local policies
Profiles come first so policies overwirte profiles
By default NT looks for ntconfig.pol in on pdc in winroot\...\scripts
x.adm are templates
x.pol compiled policies
Compression: Through Nt explorer and Compact.exe only on NTFS
If you copy a compressed file to a non comporessed dir it will not remain compressed. If you move a compressed file to a non compressed directory the file will stay compressed.
Volume sets: no fault tolerance, if you lose or format a segment then you loose the entire volume set. Can contain any mixture of dives. Can extend as needed &endash; with ntfs only
Rem: 16 bit apps kills LFN's
Subsytems;
User mode and kernel mode. All software must go through kernel to access hardware
OLE: support fo 16 and 32 bit apps
OPEN GL: 2d and 3d graphics, independent of os, vga 16 color mode.
NTVDM: (virtual DOS machine) each one has its own space won't affect other if crash. Can configure 16 bit apps to run in their own NTVDM, then will not affect other apps if go bad. If seperate ntvdm than use preemtive multitasking, does tak 1mb ram for each NTVDM and 2mg pagefile space. Each 16 bit app runs in its own space or default one, no sharing beyond default. Starting a command prompt does not start a NTVDM only an application does when parameters are set.
WOW Win16 on Win32- Thunking bybasses NTIO.sys NTDOS.sys VDD's; uses hrnl386.exe, user.exe, or gdi.exe
If one 16 bit app fails can affect other 16 bit apps
Add on subsystem for presentation manager: aid in migration feom o/s2 to Nt, supported by intel only
POSIX: standard for UNIX, Is case sensitive, NTFS is the only posix.1 compliant structure, allows hard links
Source &endash; must be recompiled for each platform.
Binary- run on any hardware platform running NT, no recompilation necessary.
DCOM &endash; provides programming model for software developers to create distributed software. (network OLE)
Priority level 0-31, 0-15 dynamic apps (not crucial and can be written to page file if needed), 16-31 real time applications (eg kernel &endash; cannot be written to page file)
Use switches at command prompt to set priority, /realtime , /high, /normal, /low
Only administrators can open file in real time mode. Can affect I/O availability
Also stay away from high priority.
Changing foreground responsivness:
System properties performance tab
None &endash; all retain value
Middle &endash; prority increased by one(for non critical things)
Max &endash; as much CPU time as possible
Task manager:
Provides data about current processes running in NT, Monitors and prioritizes
applications and processes, and to view system performance, can detect memory
leaks.
Able to assign soft affinity &endash; NT reassigns threads to the same microprocessor on which they previously ran but will not wait for that processor if in use. Hard affinity &endash; limit execution of app to one or more processors
NDIS 4.0: software interface to communicate with nic's (any NDIS protcol can talk to any NDIS NIC)
Windows sockets: enable distributed app to access transport protocols such as TCP/TP, Winsock can be used to create bidirectional guarenteed communication channel between client and server.
Named pipes similar to winsock but not protocol, eg winlogon uses it
SNMP &endash; used to gather TCP/IP info
IPCONFIG &endash; verify TCP/IP config is initalized
PING- verify loopback address, check default gateway, check communication through router (both must be run over TCP/IP)
What is the major cause of problems with NWLink? FRAME TYPES
Network number and frame type can be found in HKEY_local_machine\system\...\netconfig\*adaptername*
DHCP- defines global and subnet TCP/IP parameters for a network
DHCP server must be configured with a static IP address,subnet mask and optinally a default gateway. Uses scope (set manually) to create a pool of IP addresses to use.
WINS server &endash; maintains a dynamic database that maps Netbios names of wins clients to their ip address. Client is registered at system startup. Must be configured on a Nt server running tcp/ip, does not have to be domain controller. Needs a static ip address. Will update itself
DNS &endash; Resloves names to IP addresses, static database. Must be manually updated. Used for all computers running tcp/ip
Domain Master browser &endash; is the PDC
Master browser &endash; list for workgroup or subnet
Configuring browsers &endash; to set wether or not to be in election process hack registry with yes, no, auto selection at hkey local machine\...... \parameters\maintainserverlist
PPTP supports multiprotocol virtual private networks. Enables users to gain access to networks across the internet. Advantages of PPTP: lower transmission costs, lower harware costs (modems), /lower admin, security (uses encapsulated PPP packets)
SLIP addresses tcp/ip connections made over a serial line. Requries static IP (no DHCP), Text based logon and password, no support for ipx/spx ot Netbeui, NT server does not have capability to be a slip server
PPP provides means to recieve calls from and provide access to other vendors remote access software, allows any combination of IPX, tcp/ip, netbeui, winsock apps, and netbios. I fuser has problems authenticating create and use event viewer to see PPP.log &endash; must edit registry for this in hkey local machine\system\...\rasman\ppp\logging
PPP multilink protocol &endash; able to double tranmission speeds using two modems and two lines
NT server can act as a NetBIOS gateway, IP and IPX router
NT server supports 256 inbound RAS connections while workstation supports 1.
Only way to be able to encrypt data is to enable msft encrypted authenticaiton and check the box undr that to require data encryption
Only two settings available for net beui &endash; to allow client access to only this server or entire network
Dial up networking always runs on a client where RAS always run on server
Internet is two way communication, not good to have internet usesers able to access intranet.
CSNW incl with workstation makes direct connections to file and printer resource on netware 2.x or later.
NWLink &endash; is microsofts IPX/SPX protocol; NCP, LIP, LFNs if running os2 name space
GSNW- enables computers running NWLink to access files and printers on netware servers. GSNW incl. CSNW. GSNW can be used as non dedicated gateways. Connect and share a directory and it will be transparent to user. Use for short term- migration, occasional access.
Installing GSNW- need user account on NT server and call it gateway, create group on NOVELL server called NTGATEWAY. The group Ntgateway must inclued account gateway from Nt server
FPSNW- NOT included in NT makes NT server function as a3.12 compatable server. Also appears just like any other netware server to netware clients.
NETWARE UTILITIES &endash; syscon; sets up user accounts, defines policies grants permissions. Rconsole; remote view of netware console. Pconsole; manages print servers.
DSMN add-on for NT allows single log on if novell servers are synchronized.
CSNW setup page has on it; prefered server, tree, context, add form feed, notify when printed, print banner, run login script, overview (help topics)
Only difference for GSNW is it has a gateway button.
Must place files to be exported\imported in (only for NT no 95) ROOT:\system32\repl\export or import SUBDIRECTORIES not in actual folder. Use server manager to manage import / export servers.
Need to create a account with user manager; must be meber of backup and replicators groups need never expire or passwords changed. Can be both an import and export computer.
Windows NT diagnostic (winmsd.exe) shows computer hard ware and os data stored in win NT registry.
Performance monitor &endash; monitor real time and historical performances, identify trends over time, identify bottlenecks, monitor effects of system configurations, determine system capacity.
Hard page faults- over five per second are a clear indicator of a memory bottleneck
Network Monitor &endash; captues filters and analyzes the frames or packets sent over a network.